Rise up in times of crisis
Release time:
2017-07-30
The People's Liberation Army of China has gone through a glorious journey of 90 years. As early as the founding of the Communist Party in 1921, the Communist Party of China began its initial military exploration.
The program of the First National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed: "The task of the revolutionary army is to overthrow the old regime with revolutionary means together with the proletariat." Early leaders Zhou Enlai and Qu Qiubai successively stated in the party journal, "Without a revolutionary army, warlords cannot be defeated"; "There is an extreme need for a formal revolutionary army in the Chinese National Revolution," and other viewpoints. However, at this time, the Communist Party of China had not yet deeply recognized the particularity of the Chinese revolution, and the issue of organizing an army had not yet been practically developed.
With the successive convening of the Third National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the First National Congress of the Kuomintang in Guangzhou, the first cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party was formally established. In May 1924, the Whampoa Military Academy was officially established, and the Communist Party of China successively sent Zhou Enlai, Yun Daiying, Nie Rongzhen, and others to serve as political work leaders of the military academy, and selected party members, youth league members, and revolutionary youth from various places to study at the military academy, cultivating a group of military backbones, allowing the Communist Party members to begin to understand the "importance of military affairs."
That winter, the Communist Party of China selected a group of party members from the Whampoa Military Academy to form the armored vehicle team of the Grand Marshal's Office of the National Army. Although this unit was formally under the "Grand Marshal's Office," it was actually directly led by the Guangdong Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China and was the first armed force directly controlled by the Communist Party of China, with Xu Chengzhang as the commander.
In November 1925, the Communist Party of China formed the Independent Regiment of the Fourth Army of the National Revolutionary Army based on the armored vehicle team and some personnel from the Whampoa Military Academy. The Independent Regiment was directly under the leadership of the Guangzhou Municipal Committee, and a party branch was established within the army. This was the first regular unit controlled by the Communist Party of China. Later, the expanded Independent Regiment became the 25th Division of the 4th Army and the 24th Division of the 11th Army, which became important military forces participating in the Nanchang Uprising.
Comrade Zhou Enlai, who returned from studying in France, served as the director of the political department at the Whampoa Military Academy at the age of only 26. Subsequently, he was appointed as the secretary of the Central Military Commission under the central directive.
After the first cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, the national workers' and peasants' revolutionary movement surged unprecedentedly, and the revolutionary base in Guangdong was also unified and consolidated. In 1926, the Guangdong National Government decided to launch a northern expedition to overthrow imperialism and feudal warlords' rule in China. During the Northern Expedition, the Ye Ting Independent Regiment, composed mainly of Communist Party members and Youth League members, achieved great victories in the battles of Ting Siqiao and Heshenqiao with the cooperation of friendly forces, earning the title of "Iron Army" for the Fourth Army to which the regiment belonged.
In July 1926, He Long also led his troops to participate in the Northern Expedition. Due to his outstanding military achievements, he was successively appointed as the commander of the 15th Independent Division of the National Revolutionary Army and the commander of the temporarily organized 20th Army, later becoming an important military force in the Nanchang Uprising.
In less than a year, the Northern Expeditionary Army rapidly occupied most of the Yangtze River and Yellow River basins, and the war quickly reached its climax. At the same time, the national workers' and peasants' movements also developed rapidly. From 1925 to early 1927, the May 30th Movement, the Provincial and Hong Kong General Strike, and the Shanghai Workers' Armed Uprising, which shocked both China and the world, influenced more than twenty provinces and regions in China under the leadership and promotion of the Communist Party of China, pushing the revolution to a climax. In November 1926, after Mao Zedong was appointed as the secretary of the Central Committee of the Peasant Movement, he focused on developing the peasant movement in Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, and Henan, igniting an exceptionally rapid revolutionary storm.
The successive victories of the Northern Expedition and the vigorous development of the workers' and peasants' movements greatly shook the rule of imperialism and feudal warlord forces in China, also causing panic among the right-wing of the Kuomintang.
On March 6, 1927, Chiang Kai-shek instructed his confidant to kill Chen Zanxian, chairman of the Ganzhou General Labor Union and a Communist Party member. On April 12, Chiang Kai-shek brazenly launched the "April 12" counter-revolutionary coup in Shanghai. On July 15, Wang Jingwei publicly betrayed the revolution in Wuhan and announced the split with the Communist Party. Subsequently, Chiang and Wang merged, and under the counter-revolutionary slogan of "better to mistakenly kill a thousand than let one escape," they brutally slaughtered Communists and revolutionary masses, with thousands of revolutionaries falling in a pool of blood, and the vigorous first great revolution suffered a tragic defeat.
According to statistics from November 1927, the number of party members sharply decreased from nearly 60,000 during the peak of the great revolution to more than 10,000. However, the brave Communist Party members were not intimidated by the Kuomintang's slaughter policy; they defended the belief in communism with their blood and lives. The Nanchang Uprising broke out in the critical situation of the first cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party breaking down and the great revolution failing.
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