Historical Manuscript on the Process of the August 1st Nanchang Uprising by the National Government
Release time:
2018-02-25
In the spring and summer of the sixteenth year of the Republic, Nanjing and Hankou successively implemented the suppression of the Communist Party. Although the communists gradually went into hiding and did not dare to act openly, their plots for violent change and to disrupt the revolution were becoming increasingly urgent. In July, General He Long of the 20th Army and General Ye Ting of the 24th Division arrived in Nanchang from Hankou. Initially, they had their own plans, but upon hearing that Wang Zhaoming, Sun Ke, Zhu Peide, and others at the Lushan Conference would take severe measures against the communists and order their withdrawal to Jiujiang, He and Ye chose to become traitors. On the night of the 31st of that month, they carried out a rebellion, attacked the defense forces, seized power, slandered the Three People's Principles, and undermined the national revolution.
At the same time, Zhu De also led two companies of bandits to claim rebellion and defection. The reason for this treasonous act of betrayal is rooted in their confusion over communist ideology and their wild nature, leading them to act like bandits and subvert their homeland. The situation on that day is summarized as follows:
Political Aspects
The day after the rebellion, they convened a joint meeting of the so-called committee members and representatives of the Communist Party to form a Chinese Revolutionary Committee, with the presidium as the highest executive body, appointing He Long, Deng Yanda, Tan Pingshan, Guo Moruo, and Yun Daiying as the false presidium. Under the false presidium, there were various false agencies: Zhang Shushi as the chairman of the Party Affairs Committee, Guo Moruo as the chairman of the Propaganda Committee, Lin Zuhan as the chairman of the Finance Committee, Zhang Guotao as the chairman of the Agricultural and Industrial Committee, Wu Yuzhang as the secretary-general of the Secretariat, Li Lisan as the director of the Political Security Bureau, and Jiang Jihuan as the chairman of the Jiangxi Provincial Government. Observing the organization of these false agencies, not only were the leaders all communists, but the structure was also entirely that of a communist government. Therefore, at that time, a propaganda outline was established to entice the rural populace, disrupt order, and destroy society, aiming to further their conspiracy and satisfy their private desires.
The main points are as follows:
1. Implement land revolution
2. Establish rural governance
3. Confiscate land over 200 acres
4. Support the interests of farmers and workers
Later, they felt that confiscating land over 200 acres was too excessive, so they changed it to confiscating land over 50 acres, and when they were defeated, they advocated for the confiscation of all land owned by the landlord class. This is heartbreaking and unreasonable, and their madness is increasingly evident.
Military Aspects
Under the false Revolutionary Committee, a staff group was established, and all military plans of the bandits were led by this group, with Liu Bocheng as the director, and Zhou Enlai, Ye Ting, He Long, and Cai Tingkai as advisors. The false army still used the name of the Second Front Army designated by Wuhan, appointing Zhang Fakui as the commander-in-chief and Huang Qixiang as the front-line commander. Since Zhang and Huang did not comply, He Long was appointed as the commander-in-chief and Ye Ting as the front-line commander. The names of the various false armies and the names of the bandit leaders are listed as follows (some names are missing but are not important, so they are omitted): 20th Army Commander He Long, Party Representative Liao Qianwu, 1st Division Commander He Jinzai, Party Representative, 2nd Division Commander Qin Guangyuan, Party Representative Chen Gong, 3rd Division Commander Zhou Yiqun, Party Representative Xu Teli, 11th Army Commander Ye Ting, Party Representative Nie Rongzhen, 10th Division Commander Cai Tingkai, Party Representative, 24th Division Commander Gu, Party Representative, 25th Division Commander Zhou Shidi, Party Representative Li Shuo Xun, 9th Army Commander Zhu De. After the rebellion in Nanchang, He and Ye had over 40,000 followers, but fearing encirclement and unable to hold out for long, they decided to retreat south to seize Guangzhou as a base for disruption. On August 5, while retreating from Nanchang through eastern Jiangxi to southern Guangdong, the defense forces were thin, so they were not intercepted along the way. It was not until they reached Ruijin County, adjacent to Fujian and Jiangxi, that they were met with a fierce counterattack from Qian Dajun's 32nd Army. However, although Qian's forces were nominally an army, they actually consisted of only six regiments, and the disparity in numbers led to multiple fierce battles, ultimately resulting in defeat. The areas of Ruijin in Jiangxi and Changting and Shanghang in Fujian were also successively captured by the bandits. Local ruffians and bandits were completely incorporated, leading to a sudden increase in the number of bandit troops. They were reorganized into four armies: the First Army led by He Long, the Second Army led by Ye Ting, the Third Army led by Zhu De, and the Fourth Army led by Liu Bocheng. They were advised by Russian consultant Atorifus to use Tinghang as a base to actively train peasant troops and seek further development. Their intention was not to achieve immediate military victory but to deepen the red influence in the countryside, which was indeed a very toxic plan.
However, He and Ye did not agree with this suggestion and still planned to quickly invade Guangdong. The bandit Peng Pai also believed that the self-defense forces of the farmers in Haifeng and Lufeng could be utilized, so they entered Dapu from western Fujian and then into Chaoshan. Their momentum was very strong, and although they were blocked by Huang Xuchu's forces at Sanheba and Liuwanghuang, due to their numerical superiority, they could not be stopped, leading to the East River area being almost completely occupied by the bandits. The bandit forces were indeed alarming enough to shake Guangdong, but the national army in Guangdong was not unaware of the bandits' intentions. They thought of ways to prevent them but allowed them to invade in this manner. Because the bandit forces were newly strengthened and numerous, they planned to deploy defenses everywhere, and their troops became dispersed. They had to first choose a suitable area to concentrate their superior forces before they could aim to annihilate the bandit army in one go, which is what military strategy refers to as 'to capture the enemy, one must let them advance.' In mid-September, when the bandit army advanced to the vicinity of Tangkeng in Fengshun, they were met with a fierce counterattack. After several hours of intense fighting, the main force of the bandits was completely defeated and retreated in disarray. The remaining bandit forces in the rear were also dealt with in places like Chaozhou and Sanheba, and although the leaders managed to escape, this massive bandit army was completely annihilated in just four days.
This was undoubtedly the result of the national army's soldiers' obedience to orders, as well as the inevitable outcome of the treasonous ambitions of the bandit forces.
"Compilation of Historical Archives of the Republic of China, Volume 5, Part 1, Jiangsu Ancient Books Publishing House"
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